Origins of the Surveillance State.

 Alfred W. McCoy  outlined the birth of the Surveillance State in the information technology revolution of the 1870s and 1880s (invention of the telephone, typewriter, widespread photographic film processing, electrical and telegraph networks, punch cards, and biometrics such as fingerprinting) and its later convergence with the imperatives of empire in the American colonial occupation of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/origins-of-the-surveillance-state-2/